REFORMULASI HAK NAFKAH ISTRI PASCAPERCERAIAN AKIBAT NUSYUZ: PERSPEKTIF MASLAHAH MURSALAH DAN KEADILAN SUBSTANTIF

Abstract

Abstrak

Konsep nusyuz dalam hukum keluarga Islam kerap dipahami sebagai alasan untuk menggugurkan hak nafkah istri, termasuk nafkah iddah setelah perceraian. Pemahaman yang diterapkan secara otomatis berisiko mengabaikan konteks konflik rumah tangga, kontribusi para pihak, serta keadaan ekonomi mantan istri. Artikel ini menganalisis dasar normatif pemberian nafkah pascaperceraian bagi istri yang dinyatakan nusyuz dan merumuskan model penerapan yang lebih proporsional berdasarkan maslahah mursalah dan keadilan substantif. Penelitian menggunakan metode hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Bahan hukum utama meliputi Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 1974 tentang Perkawinan sebagaimana telah diubah, Kompilasi Hukum Islam, serta pedoman peradilan terkait perkara perempuan berhadapan dengan hukum. Analisis menunjukkan adanya ruang ketegangan antara Pasal 149 dan Pasal 152 Kompilasi Hukum Islam, terutama mengenai lingkup nafkah iddah dan akibat status nusyuz. Artikel ini mengusulkan agar nusyuz tidak diperlakukan sebagai label yang secara otomatis menghapus seluruh hak ekonomi, melainkan harus dibuktikan secara ketat, dinilai berdasarkan sebab dan konteksnya, serta dibedakan dari hak lain seperti mut’ah, nafkah anak, dan hak atas harta bersama. Reformulasi yang ditawarkan menempatkan perlindungan kebutuhan dasar, proporsionalitas, kepastian hukum, dan pencegahan kemudaratan sebagai parameter putusan. Pendekatan ini tidak meniadakan norma fikih, tetapi menafsirkan penerapannya secara kontekstual dalam kerangka tujuan syariat dan keadilan substantif.

In Islamic family law, the concept of nusyuz (marital disobedience) is often interpreted as grounds for forfeiting a wife’s right to maintenance (nafaqah), including nafaqah iddah (maintenance during the waiting period following divorce). Applying this concept automatically risks overlooking the context of domestic conflict, the contributions of both parties, and the ex-wife’s economic circumstances. This article analyzes the normative basis for post-divorce maintenance for wives deemed to be in a state of nusyuz and proposes a more proportional application model rooted in maslahah mursalah (public interest/welfare) and substantive justice. The study employs a normative legal research method, utilizing both statutory and conceptual approaches. Primary legal sources include Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage (as amended), the Compilation of Islamic Law, and judicial guidelines concerning women in legal proceedings. The analysis reveals a tension between Article 149 and Article 152 of the Compilation of Islamic Law, particularly regarding the scope of nafaqah iddah and the consequences of nusyuz. This article argues that nusyuz should not be treated as a label that automatically nullifies all economic rights; rather, it must be strictly proven, evaluated based on its underlying causes and context, and distinguished from other entitlements such as mut’ah (consolatory gift), child support, and rights to marital property. The proposed reformulation establishes the protection of basic needs, proportionality, legal certainty, and the prevention of harm (darar) as key parameters for judicial rulings. This approach does not discard fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence) norms but instead interprets their application contextually, within the framework of the objectives of Sharia and substantive justice.